Hyeonji Lim

1 Introduction Kidney development involves intricate interactions between the ureteric bud (UB), derived from the anterior intermediate mesoderm (aIM), and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM), from the posterior intermediate mesoderm (pIM).[1] Signals from the MM induce UB branching, forming the collecting ducts, while UB signals drive nephron formation in the MM.[2] This interplay is essential for creating functional kidneys in vitro, where nephrons are connected to collecting ducts (CD).

1 Introduction Recently, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and photodetectors because of their unique properties such as high absorption coefficient, convenient bandgap tuneability, wide color gamut, high quantum yield, ambipolar carrier transportability, and solution processability.[1-15] Among them, perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have been of great interest as the...