Hyeyoung CHO

1 Introduction The SCL around grain boundaries in non-conducting ceramics critically modulates the local electric field and thereby influences key functional properties of materials, such as oxygen vacancy migration and ionic conductivity in oxide ceramics [1-8]. Quantitative mapping of the local electromagnetic field is essential not only for understanding fundamental mechanisms, but also for advancing applications in electronic devices, magnetic storage media, and quantum materials [3, 9-11].