Im Kyung Han

1 Introduction The global shift toward electrification has catalyzed significant growth in markets such as electric vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, high-performance electronics, and distributed energy storage systems.[1] As a result, there is an increasing demand for advanced electrochemical energy storage systems that exceed the performance limits of conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

1 Introduction As climate change has developed into a pressing global environmental concern, the demand for eco-friendly electricity as an alternative to fossil fuels has grown increasingly urgent.[1, 2] However, sustainable energy sources that harness natural resources for electricity generation frequently encounter issues of intermittency and instability.[3, 4] Accordingly, electrochemical energy storage technologies like rechargeable batteries have gained prominence as a logical solution...