Immunologic Diseases Beijing

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data supporting this study's findings are not publicly available due to privacy/ethical restrictions. Access requires approval from both the corresponding author and the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital.

Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description all70405-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 533.9 KB Table S1: Baseline demographics, disease evaluation and laboratory examinations. Table S2: Features used in the machine learning models.

1 Introduction Vitiligo is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by depigmentation, affecting about 0.5%–2% of the global population [1]. Despite its relatively straightforward clinical diagnosis, challenges remain for dermatologists regarding treatment effectiveness, sustainability of outcomes, and recurrence after discontinuation of therapy. These issues render the management of vitiligo one of the most complex tasks in clinical practice.