Ivan Barka

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1 INTRODUCTION European forests have undergone large-scale transformations during the last century, from an increase in total forest area and growing stock after 1950 (Nabuurs et al., 2013, Perring et al., 2016) to recent extensive forest mortality from droughts, windthrows, wildfires, and insect outbreaks (Patacca et al., 2023).

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessArticle by 1,* and 2 1 Department of Forest Management, National Forest Centre—Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 22, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia 2 Department of Forest Ecology, National Forest Centre—Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 22, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.