J. Barbosa

Abstract Small-scale fishers worldwide face compounded crises, yet vulnerability manifests differently across disruption types. Using 402 fishers’ surveys from Brazil, we contrast economic vulnerability pathways during an ecological disaster (oil spill) and a social crisis (COVID-19 pandemic), by combining income data with adaptation and perceived risk.

1 Introduction In the last century, human population growth has promoted the conversion of more than three-quarters of the terrestrial biosphere into anthropogenic landscapes (Ellis and Ramankutty 2008), thus causing severe impacts on wildlife and ecosystems (Newbold et al. 2015; Tittensor et al. 2014). Networks of protected areas have been created to reduce these impacts, which today cover 15% of the world's land area and 7% of marine areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2020).

1. Introduction Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are usually particle composite materials, in which their constituent material volume fractions vary continuously according to given spatial coordinates [1,2]. This material concept emerged in Japan in 1984 for application as a thermal barrier material, capable of withstanding high-temperature gradients [2,3,4].