Jane Parker

Abstract The growing demand for sustainable, high-quality protein sources is driving the development of novel foods. In this study, the underexplored combination of surplus bread crusts (BC), a major source of food waste, and perennial ryegrass (PRG), a traditional forage crop with underexploited potential for human nutrition, was used as a potential substrate in the production of protein-rich novel ingredients for human consumption.

NEWS AND VIEWS 11 March 2026 Infected plants assemble immune-protein complexes on cell membranes to induce defence responses and cell death. Some such complexes can form large ring-like clusters. The ability of plants to sense when they are being attacked and mount a successful defence response is fundamental to their survival and growth. Understanding such processes could aid efforts to develop high-yielding crops.