Jeferson Ziebarth

1 Introduction Malignant brain tumors represent one of the most challenging classes of cancer to treat due to limited accessibility to brain tissues, high mortality rates, and a lack of effective therapeutic options. Among these, glioblastoma is the most aggressive and lethal form, classified as a Grade IV tumor by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is histologically characterized by endothelial proliferation, cerebral necrosis, and an elevated metastatic potential (Louis et al. 2021).

1. Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! The daily administration of insulin remains the primary therapy for patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). (1) Parenteral injection continues to be the most commonly employed route of insulin delivery, despite its associated limitations, including patient discomfort due to needle use, reduced treatment adherence, and peripheral hyperinsulinemia, which can exacerbate insulin resistance in muscle and peripheral tissues.

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