jennifer dermer

1 Introduction D/deaf patients encounter persistent barriers in health care, particularly in clinical environments organised around spoken language, telephone-based systems and time-pressured interactions. International literature consistently documents limited access to qualified interpreters, reliance on inadequate communication substitutes, difficulty understanding diagnostic and treatment information and reduced participation in clinical decision-making (Hazelwood et al. 2025; Hommes et al.

2.2 Literature searching and screening The integrative literature search of research-based literature was conducted in June 2022 using the databases CINAHL Complete (EBSCO), Medline (Web of Science), Scopus and PubMed (Whittemore & Knafl, 2005). To assist with avoiding bias in determining possible factors that affect ward nurses during BLS, detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified (McDonagh et al., 2013).