Jenny Jeehan Nasr

Abstract Understanding how small molecules interact with DNA opens new avenues for designing smarter, more selective therapies. These studies not only shed light on off-target effects that could cause side effects or influence treatment outcomes but also help predict a drug’s genotoxic potential, aiding long-term safety assessments.

2.8. Calculation of hazard quotient and risk estimation The model of Hazard Quotient was utilized to estimate the risk of ingesting residues with milk. Hazard quotient is defined as the ratio of the prospective exposure to a material and the concentration where no harmful impacts are anticipated. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was computed using the following equation presented by Juan et al. [19]. The mean level of residual antibiotics in raw milk was calculated.