Jeoung Kun Kim

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1. Introduction Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied in various industries such as healthcare, finance, and manufacturing, and many studies have been conducted to implement AI to overcome the limitations of existing traditional methods for analyzing data and obtaining meaningful results [1,2]. Machine learning is eliciting growing interest and is increasingly applied extensively in healthcare.

Introduction Cervical foraminal stenosis is a disorder marked by neural foraminal narrowing and a common cause of radicular pain in the upper extremity.1 Facet and ligament hypertrophy, degenerative bony spurs, and laterally herniated disc are the main factors causing narrowing of the neural foramen, which result in mechanical compression of the cervical nerve root.2,3 Also, compression of the cervical nerve root induces an inflammatory response, in which various inflammatory mediated cells...