INTRODUCTION Adopting the Programme of Action at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 by 179 governments marked a shift towards the centrality of human rights in population and development policies and programs. These include the reproductive right of all individuals and couples to decide on the number and spacing of their children and have the information and means to do so (Principle 8 of the Programme of Action, United Nations 1995).