Ji Soo Byun

1 Introduction The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), a crucial process in energy conversion and storage devices (e.g., proton exchange membrane fuel cells and metal-air batteries), is a major bottleneck owing to its sluggish kinetics and inefficient electron transfer.[1-3] The complete reduction of O2 to H2O is essential for efficient power generation, making the 4e− ORR pathway more favorable compared to the 2e− ORR pathway to H2O2 generation.[4] This pathway necessarily involves O–O bond...