Jiacun Wang

1. Introduction With the continuous advancement of science and technology and product upgrades, the number of end-of-life (EOL) [1] products is on the rise. Addressing this challenge involves a growing emphasis on disassembling and reusing EOL products, both as an environmental initiative and as an economic opportunity. The effective management of EOL products enhances supply chain efficiency, reduces the ecological footprint of manufacturing processes, and promotes a circular economy.

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