Jiaqiang Jiang

1 Introduction The proposed mechanisms underlying chemoimmunotherapy include the inhibition of immunosuppressive cells, activation of effector cells, enhancement of immunogenicity, and increased T-cell infiltration [1, 2]. However, immunotherapy alone exhibits limited efficacy in colorectal cancer (CRC), primarily because of poor immunogenicity and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (iTME) [3].