Jiayao He

1 Introduction Cancer has caused more than ten million mortalities annually worldwide, making it the second leading cause of death. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy still destroy healthy cells, causing toxicity and leading to an immense economic burden on patients. Considering the unsatisfactory cancer survival rate, exploration of epigenetic changes and further investigations into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis are imperative.

1 INTRODUCTION Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), also named as G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) or G protein-coupled receptor 19 (GPCR19 or GPR131), is a membrane receptor (M-BAR) of bile acids (BAs).1 Its gene has one exon that encodes seven transmembrane domains, which consist of 330 amino acids.2, 3 TGR5 belongs to the largest cell membrane receptor GPCR family,4 and approximately 30%–50% of all pharmaceuticals on the market today exert their therapeutic effects by...