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1 Introduction The continued rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations has intensified global efforts to develop sustainable biotechnologies that capture and reutilise carbon rather than emitting it. A central concept in this context is the circular carbon economy, which aims to close the carbon loop by continuously recycling carbon within industrial systems (Alsarhan et al. 2021; Favoino et al. 2025).

1 Introduction Hydrogels have enjoyed extensive use in biomedical applications in recent decades.[1] These hydrophilic polymer networks are excellent substrates for in vitro studies and in vivo applications due to their high capacity to store water, their biocompatibility, and the tunability of their biophysical properties.

?Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. ABSTRACT Remote sensing is a crucial tool for understanding the spatial dynamics of algal blooms by quantifying and detecting algal proliferation in water bodies.