jiye lee

Abstract Although macrophages are a powerful cell-based platform for cancer immunotherapy, their antitumor functions, such as phagocytosis and inflammatory responses, are limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that decorating cancer cell membranes with bacteria-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) initiates phagocytosis and inflammatory responses of macrophages toward cancer cells involving various pattern-recognition receptor signaling pathways.

1 Introduction The continued rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations has intensified global efforts to develop sustainable biotechnologies that capture and reutilise carbon rather than emitting it. A central concept in this context is the circular carbon economy, which aims to close the carbon loop by continuously recycling carbon within industrial systems (Alsarhan et al. 2021; Favoino et al. 2025).

1 Introduction Hydrogels have enjoyed extensive use in biomedical applications in recent decades.[1] These hydrophilic polymer networks are excellent substrates for in vitro studies and in vivo applications due to their high capacity to store water, their biocompatibility, and the tunability of their biophysical properties.