Advanced search International Journal of Testing Latest Articles Submit an article Journal homepage Full Article Figures & data References Supplemental Citations Metrics Reprints & Permissions Read this article /doi/full/10.1080/15305058.2025.2595574?needAccess=true Abstract International large-scale assessments (ILSAs) like TIMSS, PIRLS, and PISA use planned missingness completely at random (MCAR) but suffer from non-response bias with missing data not at random (MNAR), especially in home...