Cave lions illustrated by the artists of Chauvet Cave. Photo of a replica in the Anthropos museum, Brno, by HTO (Wikimedia Commons) Cave lions mostly didn’t live in caves. They’re like their human contemporaries, the Neanderthals, that way. Just as Neanderthals were not truly cavemen, but nineteenth-century naturalists found them there, so too with the ancient European lions. Cave lions are like Neanderthals in another way: They mixed with their African-derived relatives.