Joske Ruytinx

Introduction Human activities have facilitated significant movements of plant species well beyond their natural ranges (Sakai et al., 2001; Meyerson & Mooney, 2007; Westphal et al., 2008), including the large-scale establishment of pine plantations on foreign continents (Simberloff et al., 2010; Gallien et al., 2016). Pines (genus Pinus L.) are one of the most widely distributed trees across boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere (Mirov, 1967).

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited.