Josu G. Alday

1 INTRODUCTION Fuelled by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the designation of protected areas has emerged as a management tool to counteract current biodiversity trends (Secretariat of the CBD, 2014). The traditional nomination of protected areas combines multiple biological, social, and aesthetic criteria to target biologically valuable areas that maximize conservation benefits (Asaad et al., 2017).

Abstract Conservation science faces the urgent challenge of halting the biodiversity loss caused by the biological crisis of the present era. To achieve this, conservation science requires cutting-edge tools to focus on vital properties of ecosystems, such as the resilience. Resilience informs about the cost of recovering biological communities.

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