Julianne Hall

1. Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the long term, progressive decline in kidney function due to accumulated renal damage. As renal injury accrues, CKD can eventually transition to its final stage, a devastating and costly complication, referred to as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). At ESRD, one of two permanent measures must be implemented to replace the failing kidneys. Patients will either need a renal transplant or an initiation of life-long hemodialysis therapy.

Open AccessCase Report by Julianne M. Hall 1,*, Rahul Anand 1, Lynn E. Copes 1, Kelly Moran-Crusio 1, J. Nathan Davis 1, Maya Doyle 2, Christine Maffeo 1 and Eitan S. Kilchevsky 1 1 Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA 2 Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Educ. Sci.

Open AccessReview by Anish S. Kolan and Julianne M. Hall * Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, NH-MED, Hamden, CT 06492, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Int. J. Mol. Sci.