Juliette Barbeau

1 Introduction Studies of trade-offs among life-history traits are fundamental in evolutionary ecology and essential to understand how organisms optimise their fitness (Stearns 1992). For example, because reproduction is energetically costly, under limited resource availability, it is assumed to impose a cost on individuals, thereby negatively affecting their residual reproductive value or survival probability (Reznick 1985; Reznick et al. 2000; Williams 2018; Zera and Harshman 2001).