Junyuan Lu

1 Introduction The advent of the 21st century has been marked by an unprecedented demand for sustainable and efficient energy solutions, driving the rapid evolution of rechargeable battery technologies.[1] Batteries have become the cornerstone of modern energy systems, underpinning various applications, from portable electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) and grid-scale energy storage.[2] The performance of batteries is fundamentally tied to the materials that comprise them.

3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Shear Failure Characteristics of Soil-Rock Mixture Representative test data were selected and the shear stress shear displacement relationship curve was drawn, as shown in Figure 8, to show the impact of different stone contents, vertical pressures, and moisture contents on the shear failure process. As shown in Figure 8, the critical state of the soil-rock mixture was not uniform. In most cases, it showed strain softening.