Kailang Wu

1 Introduction Tumor development is a complex biological process involving multiple factors. It is not solely driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor cells but is also profoundly shaped by the tumor microenvironment (TME) (1–3). Recent advances in microbiomics have revealed that the microbiota is a critical component of the TME, highlighting its significance and the need for further investigation (4, 5).

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