KAMAL DATTA

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1. Introduction Astronauts are likely to receive a significant cumulative radiation dose from galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) during long-duration deep space missions. Particularly, the high atomic number and energy (HZE) particles present in GCR are considered a major threat to astronauts’ health as they can penetrate through spacecraft shielding and are densely ionizing due to their high linear energy transfer (LET) characteristics [1].

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