Kangqun Yin

INTRODUCTION Both partial and complete submergence pose significant challenges to plants. By 2050, an estimated 450 million people could face heightened flooding stress, potentially impacting over 1.7 billion hectares of land (Arnell et al., 2014). This increased risk threatens global food security due to substantial yield losses. Addressing this issue requires a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to hypoxia, with the goal to develop flood-tolerant crops.