Kata Anna Bán

1 Introduction Since researchers began to explore the “animal mind”, numerical cognition (i.e., the ability to represent, discriminate, and process numerical information; Nieder 2020) has held a central place in comparative cognition research, alongside spatial abilities, communication, and tool-use and manufacture (Vauclair 1996; Beran et al. 2015).

Abstract Hemiparasitic plants are known to be able to diversify degraded grasslands by lowering the competitive power of dominant grasses. Recent research indicates that hemiparasites may also be used against invasive alien plants. Here, we tested the effects of Odontites luteus, a native European hemiparasite, on Sporobolus cryptandrus, a recently established and rapidly spreading C4 grass of North-American origin.

1 Introduction The large colonies of eusocial insects, such as termites, bees, wasps, and ants, are heavily dependent on adequate nitrogen sources, as this element is essential for their reproduction and brood development (Jarau and Hrncir 2009). The source of nitrogen varies based on the ecological characteristics of the group in question: termites consume symbiotic fungi, as well as their dead or injured nestmates to obtain proteins (Sun and Zhou 2013; Ahmad et al.