Kelan Fang

1. Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! Microwave ablation (MWA) is widely recommended as a first-line therapeutic modality for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); (1−3) however, its clinical efficacy is fundamentally constrained by the pervasive challenge of incomplete MWA (iMWA), wherein irregular tumor geometries or proximity to critical structures preclude complete tumor eradication.

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