INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial multidrug resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health issue exacerbated by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics across various sectors, including medicine, agriculture, livestock, and aquaculture.1 Although the development of new antibiotics is crucial for combating AMR, it has become increasingly difficult to bring new antibiotics to market, mainly due to the high costs involved and the exit of major pharmaceutical companies from this area.