Ketudat Cairns

Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are water soluble, bioactive, secondary metabolites of the flavonoid class of plant pigments. They are responsible for red, purple, blue colours of vegetative and reproductive parts of plants (Figure 1) while proanthocyanidins are brown colour in some tissues (seed, peel and bark) or nonvisible pigments (Rahim et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2010; Xia et al., 2022). They improve the fruit and vegetable quality and are beneficial to human health.