Kiara Fairman

1 INTRODUCTION Botanicals have been used as herbal medicine and dietary supplements around the world for centuries and their use continues to rise (Global Industry Analysts, 2023; Smith et al., 2021). Along with rapid advancements in analytical methods, increasing numbers of botanical constituents are being identified and many are good candidates for pharmacological and toxicological studies.

1. Introduction A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model represents the mathematical description of the body by means of differential equations interposed with physiologically accurate organ compartments as a structural representation of the body. Each organ compartment is connected by blood flows represented by differential equations that subsequently coalesce to yield predictions of drug or toxicant pharmacokinetics.