Kim Tien Chah

1 Introduction Bladder cancer typically presents with haematuria, prompting a referral for specialist evaluation for investigation of potential genitourinary malignancy. International guidelines recommend a standard diagnostic workup including urine microscopy and culture, renal tract imaging and cystoscopy to visualise the bladder mucosa [1]. Through this approach, underlying bladder cancer is identified in 4%−19% of patients with haematuria [2].