Kuangying Li

1 INTRODUCTION Addressing the pervasive issue of food insecurity remains a pressing global concern, affecting countless individuals and families worldwide. In the United States alone, recent statistics indicate that approximately 10.5% of households, translating to roughly 13.8 million households, grapple with food insecurity at some point during the year (Bowen et al. 2021).

1 INTRODUCTION The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented severe challenges to societies worldwide, necessitating prompt and effective response to the spread of the virus to alleviate its health and socio-economic consequences. A variety of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of location–allocation models in optimizing vaccine distribution, highlighting their capability to address the multifaceted challenges of the logistics. Hirbod et al.