Kuanhao Liu

1. Introduction 1.1. Background In the field of cryptography, increasing security demands have led to larger key lengths in systems such as RSA and ECC [1,2]. For both of RSA and ECC over prime fields, up to 80% of the calculation latency arises from modular multiplication [3,4]. As a result, the design and optimization of large-width modular multipliers, particularly the underlying multiplier component, are critical for efficient hardware implementations of ECC and RSA in prime field systems [5].

1. Introduction 1.1. Background Infrared small target detection identifies and tracks a few pixels that make up a small target in infrared images. It finds use in aerospace, ocean monitoring, and disaster warning. This technology has important application needs in aerospace, ocean monitoring, disaster warning, and other fields. However, infrared small target detection faces significant challenges due to its characteristics.