Kwangjun Lee

Citation: Lee K, Pennartz CMA, Mejias JF (2025) Cortical networks with multiple interneuron types generate oscillatory patterns during predictive coding. PLoS Comput Biol 21(9): e1013469. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013469 Editor: Julien Vezoli, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute: Cellule Souche et Cerveau, FRANCE Received: October 27, 2024; Accepted: August 27, 2025; Published: September 10, 2025 Copyright: © 2025 Lee et al.

Abstract Artificial neural networks commonly have deep hierarchical structures that were originally inspired by the neuroanatomical evidence of cortico-cortical connectivity pattern found in the mammalian brain. Largely neglected in those models are non-hierarchical aspects of brain architecture, namely the subcortical pathways and the interactions between cortical and subcortical areas regardless of their hierarchical locations.

Abstract Predictive coding (PC) proposes that our brains work as an inference machine, generating an internal model of the world and minimizing predictions errors (i.e., differences between external sensory evidence and internal prediction signals).