Laimin Zhu

1 Introduction Low back pain, a common and frequent disease, seriously affects the quality of life of approximately 632 million people worldwide, and brings a heavy economic burden to families and society [1-4]. A major etiological factor in low back pain is lumbar disc herniation, a condition commonly arising from intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) [5, 6].

Introduction Breast carcinoma is currently recognized as a leading malignancy and primary contributor to cancer-related mortality in women. Moreover, recent trends indicate a growing incidence of breast cancer diagnoses among younger individuals (1). From a molecular viewpoint, breast carcinoma is a highly heterogeneous tumor type, posing considerable challenges for the accurate evaluation and implementation of personalized medicine into clinical practice (2).