Lammert Kooistra

1. Introduction Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in different scenarios, such as agriculture [1], urban traffic [2], and search and rescue [3]. A recent review by Nex et al. [4] has revealed that the majority of published papers related to UAVs are focused on remote sensing studies [5]. This is largely due to the ease of use, flexibility, and relatively moderate costs of UAVs, which have made them a popular instrument in the remote sensing domain [4].

1. Introduction Global agricultural systems are under significant pressure due to population growth, limited productive land, water scarcity, and climate change. In Africa, these pressures further exacerbate in small-scale farming systems that are highly dependent on erratic rainfall and affected by various socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, food insecurity, and limited access to technical support and financial resources, which limit their ability to adapt to multiple stressors [1,2].