Laras Inggit Pratiwi

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1 INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a systemic complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting nearly all individuals with CKD stages 4 and 5 (Melamed et al., 2016). Characterized by disruptions in mineral metabolism, skeletal integrity and vascular health, CKD-MBD significantly impacts patient well-being and clinical outcomes (Bacchetta et al., 2021; Hruska & Seifert, 2013; Luo & Chen, 2020).

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.