An effective drug delivery approach of biotherapeutics is essential in the treatment of numerous diseases [1], such as migranies [2], cancers [3], [4], and psoriasis [5]. The COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified the demand of an efficient drug administration approach for large-molecule therapeutic antibodies (mAbs) [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. Subcutaneous injection has attracted unprecedented attention due to its low cost and low risk of systemic infection [11], [12], [13], [14], [15].
