Approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University (2022-795). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The flow of the procedural steps in our study is shown in Fig. 1. CA female patients aged 20-40 years old with positive HPV genotyping were included, and those complicated with tumors, other immunocompromised diseases and other sexually transmitted diseases were excluded.