Lefteri Tsoukalas

Abstract High-temperature molten salt-cooled reactors (MSCRs) are a promising next-generation nuclear technology option, offering efficient power conversion and inherent safety features. However, the reliability of these systems depends on the robust operation of heat exchangers (HXs), which are susceptible to failure due to temperature gradients and channel plugging caused by fluid freezing.

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1. Introduction The growing need for electricity generation and storage has led to a plethora of techniques seeking better energy materials to meet growing needs in technological applications that include, but are not limited to, electric vehicles, grid electricity storage, electronic products, energy harvesting, and nanoelectronics [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25].