Li Yineng

1 Introduction Tropical cyclones (TCs) are extreme weather disasters that cause severe casualties and property damage to coastal areas worldwide, and are particularly frequent in the Western Pacific Ocean (WP) (D’Asaro et al., 2011). Under the context of the increasing ocean warmth with global warming, TC climates are changing, i.e., increasing in intensity and decreasing in frequency over the past 30 years (Kang and Elsner, 2015).

1. Introduction Tropical cyclones (TCs), also known as typhoons, hurricanes, or cyclones are severe weather systems that form and develop over warm tropical oceans. TC landfall can pose a significant threat to life and property (Chen et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020). Global TC warning centers routinely estimate the maximum radial extents of 34, 50, and 64 kt winds (R34, R50, and R64, respectively, where 1 kt = 0.514 m/s) for TC advisory and warning (Knaff et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2022).