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Get full text access Log in, subscribe or purchase for full access. References 1. Hofheinz, R-D ∙ Fokas, E ∙ Benhaim, L ∙ et al. Localised rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up Ann Oncol. 2025; 36:1007-1024 2. Conroy, T ∙ Castan, F ∙ Etienne, PL ∙ et al. Total neoadjuvant therapy with mFOLFIRINOX versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: long-term results of the UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23 trial Ann Oncol.

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Data collection, management and analysis Radiological and endoscopic assessments CT scans of the thorax and abdomen will be done before and after immunotherapy and evaluated by a multidisciplinary team and a centralised comity of radiologists according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) 1.1 criteria as well as clinical TNM staging,31 to assess if treatment response can be predicted.