Lishan Lin

1 Introduction COVID-19 is a severe form of acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung inflammation caused by infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Zhu et al. 2020). According to data from the World Health Organization, until February 2025, there have been 777 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 7.08 million reported deaths worldwide. In China alone, 99 million people have been infected, resulting in 122,398 deaths (World Health Organization 2025).

Abstract Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is essential for normal functioning of the brain’s glymphatic system. Impaired glymphatic function is associated with neuroinflammation. Recent clinical evidence suggests the involvement of glymphatic dysfunction in LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, the precise mechanism remains unclear. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN) γ interacts with LRRK2 to induce neuroinflammation.

Abstract Microinfarcts are common among the elderly and patients with microinfarcts are more vulnerable to another stroke. However, the impact of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke has yet to be fully understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the negative effects of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke. To achieve this, two-photon laser was used to induce microinfarcts, while photothrombotic stroke was induced on the opposite side.