Liyin Huang

Department of Ultrasound, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China Background: Intrauterine adhesions (IUA) are a common cause of menstrual abnormalities, infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hysteroscopy is the diagnostic gold standard but is invasive and less accessible in some clinical settings. Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography (3D-TVUS) offers a non-invasive alternative; however, its diagnostic accuracy for IUA remains uncertain.

1 Introduction Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological condition characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, often resulting from chronic liver injury (Hu et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024; Chen et al. 2015). Its progression can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, making it a critical indicator of liver disease severity (Sotoudeheian 2024).