Loc Luong

1 Introduction Bedload transport is fundamental to understanding fluvial form and process, river engineering, and landscape evolution. However, bedload transport is notoriously difficult to measure at field scale (e.g., Leopold & Emmett, 1976; Liébault & Piégay, 2001). Instead, bedload flux is commonly predicted from reach-averaged parameters such as shear stress or stream power using semi-empirical equations (Meyer-Peter & Müller, 1948; Bagnold, 1966).

1 Introduction In coastal regions, land reclamation has played an important role in extending the global shoreline oceanward. Examples include the Po Valley, Italy (Antonellini et al., 2015), the Netherlands (Stuyfzand & Stuurman, 1994), Korea (R. H. Kim et al., 2006; W. Kim et al., 2006), China (e.g., Guo & Jiao, 2007; Hu & Jiao, 2010; Jiao et al., 2001), and atoll island states (Sheng et al., 2022). R. H. Kim et al. (2006), W. Kim et al.