Lucia Illari

Abstract Online hate is dynamic, adaptive— and may soon surge with new AI/GPT tools. Establishing how hate operates at scale is key to overcoming it. We provide insights that challenge existing policies. Rather than large social media platforms being the key drivers, waves of adaptive links across smaller platforms connect the hate user base over time, fortifying hate networks, bypassing mitigations, and extending their direct influence into the massive neighboring mainstream.

Empirical features of the exposure dynamics We now present our empirical findings for the observed exposure dynamics at various levels of aggregation. The data analyzed were collected from December 2019 to August 2020. Figure 1B shows how the initial conversations over COVID-19 guidance began primarily among the anti communities and well before the official announcement of the pandemic (11 March 2020). It is a filtered version of the construction in Fig. 1A: A link only appears in Fig.