Lukas Hatzenbichler

1 Introduction As the steel industry shifts toward sustainable production, the electric arc furnace (EAF) is increasingly replacing the blast furnace process. This transition is expected to cut CO2 emissions by a substantial amount [1], largely due to the EAF's ability to utilize scrap as a primary input. Therefore, the share of scrap used for steelmaking is expected to increase substantially.

1 Introduction Increasing scrap utilization through electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, rather than relying on traditional blast furnace (BF) methods, offers a pathway to a more circular industry while cutting CO2 emissions by at least 30% [1]. The increased reliance on scrap steel brings new challenges, notably the presence of tramp elements that are difficult to control.

1 Introduction The transition from blast furnace (BF) technology to an electric arc furnace (EAF) production route will enhance the utilization of scrap in steelmaking, resulting in an estimated reduction of CO2 emissions by about 30%.[1] However, this greater reliance on scrap is expected to lead to higher concentrations of tramp elements.