Luke Thomson

Introduction Destabilisation of the ventilatory control system has been linked to both initiating and exacerbating upper airway collapse during sleep leading to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA; Deacon & Catcheside, 2015). The purpose of the ventilatory control system is to maintain sufficient ventilation to enable adequate gas exchange. When disturbances in ventilation occur, commensurate changes in ventilatory drive and effort are produced in response to achieve homeostasis.

In a virtual summit held on 22 April, Joe Biden has pledged to cut US carbon emissions by 50% below 2005 levels by the year 2050. This doubles the amount previously promised by the nation. Canada, Japan and South Korea also made several new promises. Canada has promised to reduce emissions by around 40-45% by 2030. Despite this, climate activists have strongly protested this; with the World Resources Institute claiming it “falls short of what is needed to avoid dangerous levels of warming”.